Presentation

The 2000 Pezizales project presents a catalog of known taxa belonging to the order Pezizales. It provides nomenclatural notes for each taxon, the diagnosis, color pictures and a distribution map. It is a long-term project but we hope that it will be possible to present the 2000 species of Pezizales known in the world (the estimation of Dictionnary of Fungi, in 2008, was 1683 taxa). Be careful, the items presented here do not represent a monographic work.
You can collaborate on this project by providing photos or collections data. Contact us for any question.

Stats

  •  988 registered species
  •  59.8% of known species
  •  205 represented genera
  •  2685 illustrations

Index

Here is the list of the currently registered taxa: 2000 Pezizales Index

Genera

Get information about the genera of Pezizales. Click HERE.

List of integrated species

Thesis

Thesis
The work presented concerns the pigments of about 100 species of Discales: the qualitative and quantitative distribution of the carotenoids has been visualized in a thorough way, and we have thus presented some new data both in the biochemical field and in the taxonomic and phylogenetic fields.
The research undertaken belongs, in fact, within the framework of a particular scientific discipline, chemotaxonomy, whose principles and bases have been recalled in the first part of this work a special chapter of this work has been devoted to the principle classifications proposed for the Discomycetes.
The identification of the carotenoids and eventually the elucidation of new structures necessitate the knowledge and mastern of modern methods of analysis of such compounds. Also, the second part is devoted, in the first place, to physico-chemical techniques used in this field we have stressed notably the spectral methods and certain fine and precise chemical reactions the use of these techniques of study allows one to identify with certainty isolated compounds in minute quantities (down to about 10 micrograms).
Next, in this same section, we deal with the chemical results obtained, which, added to the disclosure of well known molecules, permitted the elucidation of new structures to be carried through: plectaniaxanthin (free and esterified), 2'-dehydro-plectaniaxanthin and its linoleate, phillipsiaxanthin, 2'-dihydro-phillipsiaxanthin, torularhodin methylester. The structures of other pigments, apparently likewise new were not able to be definitely established, aleuriaxanthin, «P. 444 », «P. 472 ».
In the third section are given, first of all, the results concerning the hydrophilic and lipophilic pigments studied the use of these techniques of study allows one to identify with certainty isolated compounds in minute quantities (down to about 10 micrograms).
Next, in this same section, we deal with the chemical results obtained, which, added to the disclosure of well known molecules, permitted the elucidation of new structures to be carried through: plectaniaxanthin (free and esterified), 2'-dehydro-plectaniaxanthin and its linoleate, phillipsiaxanthin, 2'-dihydro-phillipsiaxanthin, torularhodin methylester. The structures of other pigments, apparently likewise new were not able to be definitely established, aleuriaxanthin, «P. 444 », «P. 472 ».
In the third section are given, first of all, the results concerning the hydrophilic and lipophilic pigments studied for each carotenogenic species we show the absolute amount, the nature and the relative amount of the carotenoids.
In taking into account the general diagrams of biosynthesis and of the structure of pigments encountered we have established two biosynthetic diagrams, one concerning carotenoids of the monocyclic type, the other of the aliphatic type.
From the taxonomic point of view, the study of carotenoids has allowed us to classify a new family, the family Aleuriaceae Arpin, corresponding to the Ciliarieae and Humarieae sensu Le Gal. The representatives of the Lachneae sensu Le Gal have been placed among the Otideaceae of Eckblad which we amend.
Among the Aleuriaceae we have shown the existence of three main groups:
- One group having (3-carotene as its major pigment and including the genera Sowerbyella, Caloscypha, Anthracobia and Pulvinula
- One group having the y-carotene as its major pigment and including the genera Cheilymenia, Scutellinia and Coprobia, this last makes the connection with the following group
- One group possessing at once both (3 and y-carotenes (or their oxygenated derivatives) and including the Aleuria, Melastiza, Octospora and Leucoscypha genera.
At the level of the Sarcoscyphaceae, the two groups usually accepted, Urnuleae and Sarcoscypheae are most exactly differenciated by the nature of their pigments. The Sarcoscypheae possess strongly oxygenated carotenoids, the Urnuleae seem totally devoid of carotenoids, but on the other hand have hydrosoluble pigments. Such a difference, even in the nature of the pigmentation, added to sorne cytological data would appear to justify classifying these two groups as two different families.
Exactly like the Urnuleae, entire families of Operculate Discomycetes do not possess carotenoids: Morchellaceae, Helvellaceae, Pezizaceae, Otideaceae. Finally, we discuss the aptness of carotenoids as phylogenic tracers we consider that species is the more evolved chemically as the carotenoids which characterize it are more oxydized.
Such highly oxygenated pigments are found particularly in the Sarcoscyphaceae where the coenocytic state is the general rule. As Berthet (1964) supported the proposition, after other mycologists, that the coenocytic state is an evolved characteristic, we see in this correlation a source of reciprocal arguments in favour of both positions.

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The genus Thecotheus (Ascobolaceae, Pezizales) is monographed on a world basis. Seventeen species are recognized. Three new species of Thecotheus are described: T. inaeguilateralis Aas, T. lundqvistii Aas, and T. uncinatus Aas. In addition, one species of Iodophanus is described as new: I. magniverrucosus Aas. Four new combinations are made: T. biocellatus (Petrak) Aas, T. crustaceus (Starb.) Aas & Lundq., T. keithii (Phill.) Aas and T. strangulatus (Vel.) Aas & Lundq. The two species T. africanus and T. perplexans are regarded as vulnerable. T. biocellatus and T. pallens are apparently rare species. A key to the species is provided. Morphological and anatomical characters are given for all species, and their ecology and distribution are discussed.

Thesis
The present investigation represents a critical treatment of the different species of the genus Scutellinia occurring in the Soviet Union. The genus Scutellinia is conspicuous by its intricate intrageneric structure and by a large number of critical species. For this reason it is necessary to submit it to an all-round and detailed study by modern methods. Essential distinctive characters in the differentiation of the genera and species of operculate Discomycetes are the ornamentation of spores and other micromorphological characters of the fungal fruit-body. However, up to the present time an analysis of the variability of these characters within the limits of the specimen, the population and the species is lacking. Due to that it is impossible to evaluate the reality of the taxa distinguished. The aim of the present study is to evaluate, by modern methods, the taxonomic value of the ornamentation of ascospores and of other micromorphological characters of the fungal fruit-body in the genus Scutellinia and to consider the criteria of delimiting various species. Bearing this aim in mind, the fungi were studied both with the aid of the light microscope and with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained were processed by various statistical methods. The structure of the genus was clarified by means of the principal component analysis and the principal coordinate analysis. The interdependence of the chief morphological specific characters and of the ecological factors was evaluated. The ecological and geographical variability of the more essential characters was investigated. Such an approach enabled the author to an essential degree to better understand the essence of taxa and their evolution

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Acknowledgements

Ascomycete.org thanks all the following mycologists who kindly shared their photographs: C. Agnello, H. Alli, P. Alvarado, N. Aman, C. Angelini, F. Armada, M. Atzeni, J. Balda, L. Ballester, M. Bemmann, H. Bender, S. Bernhardt, M. Beug, A. Bidaud, R. Blasco, J. Bometon, J.J. Bordallo, N. Bougher, C. Braaten, T. Bulyonkova, A. Büschlen, J. Cabero, R. Cainelli, F. Calaça, P. Cannon, T. Cannon, J.Z. Cao, M. Carbone, M. Castellano, J.M. Castro Marcote, M. Catania, D. Catcheside, P. Cerpa, A. Ceska, R. Chapman, P. Chapon, P. Chautrand, J.-L. Cheype, T.A. Clements, B. Clesse, P. & C. Coach, J.A. Cooper, S. Corral, G. Corriol, R. Dahlheuser, J.-M. Dallois, A. Danilchenko, K. Das, A. Delannoy, M. Delpont, Y. Deneyer, L. Deparis, A. Dirks, P. Döbbeler, I. Dodd, H.H. Doğan, J.-C. Donadini, C. Dooley, R. Dougoud, F. Doveri, G. Dupuy, J. Eckstein, Z. Egertova, V. Escobio, L. Fan, J. Fernández-Vicente, E. Ferrari, A. Février, M. Filippa, L. Flores-Rentería, J. Frank, C. Frund, G. Furci, G. Galeotti, F. Garcia, A. Gardiennet, R. Garibay Orijel, G. Gates, Z.-W. Ge, C. Gelpi, D. Ghyselinck, S. Glejdura, C. Gold, M. González, U. Graf, A. Grobelny, D. Grootmyers, G. Guevara, M. Hairaud, P. Harvey, R. Healy, R. Heidt, N. Heine, S. Heinz, G. Hensel, T. Hirao, M. Höfert, M. Horii, C.L. Hou, J. Hubregtse, M. Illice, S. Jamali, B. Jeannerot, C. Johnson, P.R. Johnston, V. Kaounas, J. Kalichman, C. Kaufholtz-Couture, Y. Kawaguchi, Y. Kawasaki, D. Kelly, M. Klimeš, G. Konstantinidis, L. Kottis, L. Krieglsteiner, R. Kristiansen, I. Krom, B. Kropp, S. Krstic, I. Kušan, M. Kutsuna, S. Kytöharju, M. Lalley, C. Lavoise, R. Lebeuf, H. Lehmann, V. Lekach, H. Lepp, T. Lezzi, T. Li, U. Lindemann, M. Loizides, R. Longnecker, S. Loring, Z. Lukács, R. Markones, R. Martinez, K. Maruyama, N. Matočec, R. McNeil, A. Meléndez, D. Merino, K. Miller, D. Minter, J.-M. Moingeon, A. Mombert, G. Moreno, G. Moyne, K. Mühlebach, R. Negrin, C. Németh, D. Newman, D. O’Halloran, M. Ohmae, I. Olariaga, N. Omerović, N. Oppicelli, T. Orihara, C. Páez, J. Pallante, A. Parker, P.M. Pasaban, R. Pastorino, R. Péan, M. Peiger, M. Pélissier, J.L. Pérez-Butrón, J. Plischke, E. Popov, M. Poulain, J.-P. Priou, P. Püwert, T. Raymundo, M. Reul, M.A. Ribes, P. Ribollet, T. Richter, G. Riner, L.-J. Riousset, O. Roblot, A. Rockefeller, A. Rodríguez, U. Roffler, L. Romero de la Osa, P. Roux, E. Rubio, P. Sáinz, C. Sammut, F. Sanchez, M. Sánchez-Flores, M.A. Sanz, H. Sasaki, D. Savić, T. Sävström, J. Schneider, H. Schubert, C. Schwarz, Y. Shcherbakova, B. Sheehan, P. Silva, E. Skific, M. Slalova, M.E. Smith, M. Sochor, S. Sourell, F. Stevens, E. Stöckli, M. Storey, W. Sturgeon, G. Suárez, M. Sulzbacher, M. Tabarés, P. Tanchaud, M. Tapia, H. Taşkın, R. Tena, M. Trappe, F. Valade, F.J. Valencia, R. Valenzuela, H.-J. van der Kolk, M. Vega, S. Venkateswara, J.M. Vidal, S.P. Wan, Y.-Z. Wang, J. Węcławski, B. Wegen, G. Wong, K.F. Wong, M. Wood, Y.-Y. Xu, K. Yamamoto, Z.-L. Yang, C. Yeates, A. Zambonelli, M. Zeng, Q. Zhao, W.-Y. Zhuang, E. Zimmermann, F.E.-H. Zitouni-Haouar, M. Zugna, P. Zuidland.

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